iMechanica - IPMC
https://imechanica.org/taxonomy/term/5363
enNon-linear multiphysics modeling of ionic gels
https://imechanica.org/node/14872
<div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/76">research</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/2798">growth</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3664">Non-linear solid mechanics</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5363">IPMC</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8860">ionic gels</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>
The paper presents a thermodynamically consistent modeling of the non-linear multiphysics of ionic polymer gels based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient. In particular, the deformations induced by the motion of ions under an applied voltage are viewed as <em>distortions</em>, similarly to growth-induced deformations in soft tissues. Furthermore, a consistent linearization of the model in the regime of small deformations is discussed. Finally, a finite element implementation of the theory is introduced and validated against experimental results.
</p>
<p>
S. Galante, A. Lucantonio, P. Nardinocchi, "The multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient in the multiphysics modeling of ionic polymers", <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2013.01.005">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2013.01.005</a>, IJNLM 51, 112-120, 2013.
</p>
</div></div></div>Fri, 21 Jun 2013 08:16:49 +0000Alessandro Lucantonio14872 at https://imechanica.orghttps://imechanica.org/node/14872#commentshttps://imechanica.org/crss/node/14872Manufacturing process and electrode properties of palladium-electroded ionic polymer–metal composite
https://imechanica.org/node/12496
<div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/76">research</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/269">manufacturing</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/464">bending</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5363">IPMC</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7504">palladium-electroded</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>
This paper primarily focuses on the manufacturing process of palladium-electroded ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC). First, according to the special properties of Pd, many experiments were done to determine several specific procedures, including the addition of a reducing agent and the time consumed. Subsequently, the effects of the core manufacturing steps on the electrode morphology were revealed by scanning electron microscopy studies of 22 IPMC samples treated with different combinations of manufacturing steps. Finally, the effects of electrode characteristics on the electromechanical properties, including the sheet resistivity, the elastic modulus and the electro-active performance, of IPMCs were evaluated experimentally and analyzed according to the electrode morphology.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Smart Materials and Structures 2012, 21, 065018 <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0964-1726/21/6/065018">http://iopscience.iop.org/0964-1726/21/6/065018</a>
</p>
</div></div></div>Wed, 23 May 2012 03:15:03 +0000Bo Li12496 at https://imechanica.orghttps://imechanica.org/node/12496#commentshttps://imechanica.org/crss/node/12496Symposium on Soft Materials and Structures at 49th SES Meeting (Abstract Deadline: April 2, 2012)
https://imechanica.org/node/12128
<div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/74">conference</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/992">dielectric elastomer</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/1265">gel</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5363">IPMC</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7271">Soft Materials and Structures</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7272">shape memory polymer</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7273">liquid crystal elastomer</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7274">soft structure</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7275">intabilities</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Dear Colleagues,</p>
<p>
We would like to to draw your attention to the Symposium on **<strong>Soft Materials and Structures</strong>** to take place at the upcoming <strong>49th Meeting of the Society of Engineering Sciences</strong> (SES) at GeorgiaTech, Atlanta, GA (October 10-12, 2011). More information can be found in the meeting's website: <a href="http://ses2012.org/">http://ses2012.org/</a>
</p>
<p>
Over the past few years, soft materials have driven the scientific community into new exciting directions. Large deformations of soft materials and structures can be rich and highly nontrivial and offer the unique and exciting possibility to design multifunctional materials with novel properties through the appropriate design of the structural layout. This symposium will address recent advances in the theoretical, computational, and experimental understanding of solids undergoing finite deformations, focusing both on soft materials and soft structures. In this symposium we hope to bring together the vibrant community working on these topics to share the latest advancements in the field. Topics of particular interest include:
</p>
<p>
• Electroactive and magnetoactive elastomers;
</p>
<p>
• Shape-memory polymers;
</p>
<p>
• Responsive gels and Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMC);
</p>
<p>
• Liquid crystal elastomers and light-sensitive polymers;
</p>
<p>
• Other soft materials responsive to external stimuli;
</p>
<p>
• Soft structures including rods, plates, shells and biological structures;
</p>
<p>
• Geometric and material instabilities;
</p>
<p>
The deadline for receipt of abstracts is Monday, April 2, 2012.. Abstracts should include the symposium number III.1 ("Soft Materials and Structures") to ensure allocation to the correct session within Track III - "Multifunctional Materials and Multiphysics Problems". Abstracts can be submitted using the following link:<br /><a href="http://ses2012.org/call-for-abstracts">http://ses2012.org/call-for-abstracts</a>
</p>
<p>
Please pass on this info to anyone in your vicinity who may be interested to attend.
</p>
<p>
Look forward to seeing you in October.
</p>
<p>
Best,<br />
Xuanhe Zhao<br />
Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science<br />
Duke University<br /><a href="mailto:xz69@duke.edu">xz69@duke.edu</a>
</p>
<p>
Pedro Reis<br />
Department of Mechanical Engineering<br />
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology<br /><a href="mailto:preis@mit.edu">preis@mit.edu</a>
</p>
<p>
Oscar Lopez-Pamies<br />
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering<br />
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign<br /><a href="mailto:pamies@illinois.edu">pamies@illinois.edu</a>
</p>
<p>
Katia Bertoldi<br />
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences<br />
Harvard University<br /><a href="mailto:bertoldi@seas.harvard.edu">bertoldi@seas.harvard.edu</a>
</p>
</div></div></div>Tue, 20 Mar 2012 02:25:24 +0000Xuanhe Zhao12128 at https://imechanica.orghttps://imechanica.org/node/12128#commentshttps://imechanica.org/crss/node/12128Dynamic model of ion and water transport in ionic polymer-metal composites
https://imechanica.org/node/12093
<div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/76">research</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/186">Review</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4596">soft active materials</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5363">IPMC</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7255">Actuation model</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>In the process of electro-mechanical transduction of<br />
ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs), the transport of ion and water molecule<br />
plays an important role. In this paper, the theoretical transport models of<br />
IPMCs are critically reviewed, with particular emphasis on the recent<br />
developments in the latest decade. The models can be divided into three classes,<br />
thermodynamics of irreversible process model, frictional model and Nernst-Planck<br />
(NP) equation model. To some extent the three models can be transformed into<br />
each other, but their differences are also obvious arising from the various<br />
mechanisms that considered in different models. The transport of ion and water<br />
molecule in IPMCs is compared with that in membrane electrode assembly and<br />
electrodialysis membrane to identify and clarify the fundamental transport<br />
mechanisms in IPMCs. And an improved transport model is proposed and simplified<br />
for numerical analysis. The model considers the convection effect rather than<br />
the diffusion as the major transport mechanism, and both the self-diffusion and<br />
the electroosmosis drag are accounted for in the water flux equation.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>AIP Advances <strong>1</strong>, 040702 (2011); <a href="http://link.aip.org/link/doi/10.1063/1.3668286">http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3668286</a> </p>
</div></div></div>Mon, 12 Mar 2012 14:09:55 +0000Bo Li12093 at https://imechanica.orghttps://imechanica.org/node/12093#commentshttps://imechanica.org/crss/node/12093NMR study on mechanisms of ionic polymer-metal composites deformation with water content
https://imechanica.org/node/11199
<div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/76">research</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/1268">deformation</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5363">IPMC</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6689">electroactive polymer</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6690">water content</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>
Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) exhibit a large dynamic bending deformation under exterior electric field. The states and proportions of water within the IPMCs have great effect on the IPMCs deformation properties. This letter investigates the influence of the proportion changes of different types of water on the deformation, which may disclose the working mechanisms of the IPMCs. We give a deformation trend of IPMCs with the reduction of water content firstly. Then by the method of nuclear magnetic resonance, various water types (water bonded to sulfonates, loosely bound water and free water) of IPMCs and their proportions are investigated in the drying process which corresponds to their different deformation states. It is obtained that the deformation properties of IPMCs depend strongly on their water content and the excess free water is responsible for the relaxation deformation.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>This paper is now accepted and published by Europhysics Letters, EPL, 96 (2011) 27005 </p>
<p>
<a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0295-5075/96/2/27005">http://iopscience.iop.org/0295-5075/96/2/27005</a>
</p>
</div></div></div>Mon, 03 Oct 2011 15:33:00 +0000Bo Li11199 at https://imechanica.orghttps://imechanica.org/node/11199#commentshttps://imechanica.org/crss/node/11199A Theory of Ionic Polymer Conductor Network Composite
https://imechanica.org/node/9417
<div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/76">research</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/1265">gel</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3859">Double layer</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4112">hong group research</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4113">polyelectrolyte</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5363">IPMC</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5820">IPCNC</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Ionic polymer conductor network composite (IPCNC) is a mixed conductor consisting of a network of loaded ionomer and another network of metallic particles. It is known that the microstructure of the composite, especially that of the electrodes, plays a dominating role in the performance of an IPCNC. However the microstructures of IPCNC have seldom been addressed in theoretical models. This letter formulates a continuum field theory for IPCNC by considering a supercapacitor-like microstructure with a large distributed interface area. The theory is then applied to the study of the equilibrium deformation and electrochemistry in a thin-sheet IPCNC actuator.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-upload field-type-file field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><table class="sticky-enabled">
<thead><tr><th>Attachment</th><th>Size</th> </tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd"><td><span class="file"><img class="file-icon" alt="PDF icon" title="application/pdf" src="/modules/file/icons/application-pdf.png" /> <a href="https://imechanica.org/files/IPCNC.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=260091" title="IPCNC.pdf">IPCNC.pdf</a></span></td><td>254 KB</td> </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div></div></div>Thu, 02 Dec 2010 03:02:11 +0000xiao_wang9417 at https://imechanica.orghttps://imechanica.org/node/9417#commentshttps://imechanica.org/crss/node/9417JClub July 2010: Mechanics of Ionic Polymer Metal Composites
https://imechanica.org/node/8493
<div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/76">research</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/821">Journal Club Forum</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/1099">hydrogel</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5363">IPMC</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>
Ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) is a polyelectrolyte (usually Nafion or Femion swollen by simple salt solution) strip or membrane with both sides plated with metal electrodes. It is a particular design of electroactive-polymer device rather than a new class of material. When a voltage is applied between its electrodes, it will bend toward either electrode depending on the polarity (anode for a negatively charged gel), and the magnitude of deformation could be controlled by the electric signal. <span> </span>Reversely, the deformation of an IPMC can generate electric signal or even energy output [<a href="/node/8493/blog#1">1</a>-<a href="/node/8493#4">4</a>]. <span> </span>Therefore IPMC has recently becomes a hot topic in actuation, sensor and energy harvesting applications, especially when integrated with the characteristics of certain gels that are responsive to other environmental stimuli such as pH value or temperature.
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
Compared to traditional actuation devices, the IPMC is small, simple, low-cost, resilient, noise-free, biocompatible, works at low voltage and capable of large deformation [<a href="/node/8493#a">a</a>]. <span> </span>However, it also suffers from several problems: its actuation response is non-linear and also followed by non-controllable relaxation, its response is relatively slow, its working voltage is limited by the electrolysis of swelling media, its performance deteriorates in the long term as swelling media evaporates, its operation is time and history dependent, and so on [<a href="/node/8493#5">5</a>, <a href="/node/8493#6">6</a>]. <span> </span>There have been numerous experimental efforts to overcome these problems by changing the swelling media or modifying the structures of polymer matrix and electrodes [<a href="/node/8493#7">7</a>-<a href="/node/8493#10">10</a>].
</p>
<p> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
On the other hand, the underlying mechanism of IPMCs has yet to be fully understood. <span> </span>Deformation theories of polyelectrolyte gel [<a href="/node/8493#b">b</a>] were initiated almost at the same time as when Oguro published his first design of IPMC [<a href="/node/8493#11">11</a>]. <span> </span>By using the same frame work, equilibrium and kinetics of bending of IPMC was then calculated [<a href="/node/8493#12">12</a>, <a href="/node/8493#13">13</a>]. <span> </span>It is suggested that free ions drift under electric field, the concentration gradient creates osmotic pressure difference that drives the gel to bend, which is balanced by the elastic resistance of the matrix, while the kinetics is formulated by phenomenological law of porelasticity and diffusion rather than viscoelasticity [<a href="/node/8493#c">c</a>]. <span> </span>Later another stress part is added to include the collective behavior of fixed charges [<a href="/node/8493#14">14</a>-<a href="/node/8493#17">17</a>]. <span> </span>A detail model of this stress is presented for Nafion by Nemat-Nasser [<a href="/node/8493#18">18</a>], who assumes that Nafion contains solution clusters and a hydrophilic polymer matrix, with the detailed morphology determined by the level of hydration, as suggested by materials models [<a href="/node/8493#19">19</a>, <a href="node/8493/edit#20">20</a>]. <span> </span>A double layer of ions forms at phase boundary where the electro-static interaction of the ordered polarized results in a net excess pressure. <span> </span>Although the essential microstructural features are captured, more assumptions have to be made in order to incorporate this effect in the general framework of continuum theory.
</p>
<p> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
A nonlinear field theory for polyelectrolyte gels recently proposed [<a href="/node/8493#21">21</a>] provides a way of describing the deformation and electrochemistry of polyelectrolyte gels.<span> </span>The theory suggests that the equilibrium behavior of a polyelectrolyte gel is fully determined by its free-energy density, as a function of strain, electric displacement, and concentration of mobile species.<span> </span>The concept of osmotic pressure, which has often been used without a physical definition [<a href="/node/8493#22">22</a>, <a href="/node/8493#d">d</a>], is introduced as a Lagrange multiplier for the incompressibility constraint. <span> </span>The equations that govern the evolution of polyelectrolyte gels in a nonequilibrium state are formulated, based on the conservation law of all mobile species and the kinetic equations that relates the diffusion flux of mobile species to its driving force, the gradient of the chemical potential.<span> </span>A self-consistent model shall have the chemical potential derived from the free-energy function as well, containing contributions from the elasticity of the polymer, the concentration of mobile species, and the electric field.<span> </span>If specific combinations of the free-energy function and the kinetic laws are chosen, one could recover the Nernst-Planck equation, an evolution equation often used in various models [<a href="/node/8493#15">15</a>, <a href="/node/8493#16">16</a>].<span> </span>Clearly, a gap exists between the microstructure of the material and its free-energy function / kinetic law.<span> </span>The following questions may need to be answered before we can fill in this gap in theoretical understanding.
</p>
<p> <strong>1. The effect of the microstructure and thickness of the electrodes/interfaces</strong> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
One of the important conclusions by existing models is that there is an ion-depletion region near the electrode and the deformation is determined by this boundary layer [<a href="/node/8493#18">18</a>]. <span> </span>However, most models simply assume a sharp interface between electrode and polymer matrix. <span> </span>Under such an assumption, in an equilibrium or steady state, the physical laws and a simple dimensional analysis will lead to a result that the bulk of a gel is electroneutral except for the boundary layer, characterized by the Debye length.<span> </span>While an 1D analysis can estimate a bending moment induced by the ultra high stress in the thin boundary layer, 3D continuum mechanics indicates that a surface compressive stress may rather cause surface instabilities such as wrinkle and crease.<span> </span>On the other hand, an effective IPMC design actually needs the electrode metal particles to infiltrate into polymer matrix, and experiments also suggest a strong correlation between the actuation strain and the morphology and thickness of electrodes [<a href="/node/8493#23">23</a>, <a href="/node/8493#24">24</a>]. It is possible that the energy is majorly stored in the “vague” electrode-polymer interface, or the microstructured electrode with finite thickness, rather than in the thin boundary layer between the polyelectrolyte and a mathematically sharp interface?
</p>
<p> <strong>2. Are the basic laws of electrostatics still valid in an electrolyte-metal composite?</strong> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
In most existing models of IMPC, the governing equation for the electric field, namely the Poisson-Boltzmann equation, is derived from the Gauss’s law of electrostatics.<span> </span>A homogeneous polyelectrolyte mixture is sometimes treated as a dielectric medium when all charged particles are excluded [<a href="/node/8493#21">21</a>].<span> </span>However, for a material with microstructures of various length scales, the validity of such an assumption has never been discussed.<span> </span>For example, the mixture of metal, polyelectrolyte, and ionic solution at the interfaces, which seems to play an important role, turns out to be a medium that is both an electric conductor and an ionic conductor.<span> </span>Even for the case when the structure is random, a proper way of homogenization is a challenge.<span> </span>Other examples include the microporous structure of Nafion, in which the mobile charges are distributed in order, and the distribution interacts with the macroscopic electric field.
</p>
<p> <strong>3. The origin and mechanism of the electrostatic and ionic contributions to force/stress</strong> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
The definition and notation of electrostatic forces in solids have always been controversial, as commented by Zhigang in <a href="node/635" target="_blank">his paper</a> on deformable dielectrics.<span> </span>In a system containing dielectric polymer and solvent, mobile and immobile ions, and even electronic conductors, the “force” or “stress” in a continuum mechanics manner is even hard to imagine.<span> </span>Maybe one should rather avoid ambiguous terms like force and stress.<span> </span>A question that arises naturally is how the charges carried by the polymer network and the mobile ions interact with each other and with external field, and further affect the system as a whole.<span> </span>The answers to such a question have impacts much broader than just calculating the bending of a polymer strip. <span> </span>For example, biological tissues are materials of similar or more complex structures.<span> </span>Qualitatively, it has been argued that the main contributions include the electrostatic repulsions between fixed charges and the osmosis by the concentration difference of mobile ions in the solvent [<a href="/node/8493#25">25</a>].
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
An approach often used (e.g. in multiphasic theories) is the introduction of the chemical expansion stress [<a href="/node/8493#26">26</a>] or similarly the eigenstrain [<a href="/node/8493#e">e</a>], the thermodynamic validity of which is put into question recently [<a href="/node/8493#27">27</a>]. <span> </span>Another approach is the use of the Maxell stress in dielectrics through homogenizing the charge distribution.
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
Alternatively, one could start from the microstructure of the material and sum over all the ion-ion interactions, an approach similar to statistical physics or atomistic simulations [<a href="/node/8493#28">28</a>].<span> </span>However, similar as one calculating Maxwell stress, careful sum over all interaction pairs need to be performed, which also introduces the question of how microstructures (e.g. electric double layers) will evolve in response to the change in macroscopic fields.
</p>
<p> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
IPMC is not only interesting in application, but also one of the model systems of natural soft materials with tunable parameters. <span> </span>Modeling it may sever as the first step towards understanding the mechanics of soft matters.
</p>
<p> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
Key References:
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
[a<a name="a" title="a" id="a"></a>] <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0964-1726/10/4/327">M. Shahinpoor and K. J. Kim, “Ionic polymer-metal composite: I Fundamentals”, Smart Mater. Struct. <strong>10</strong>, 819 (2001)</a>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
[b<a name="b" title="b" id="b"></a>] <a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ma00046a058">M. Doi, M. Matsumoto and Y. Hirose, “Deformation of ionic polymeric gels by electric fields” J. Macrocol. <strong>20</strong>, 5504 (1992):</a>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
[c<a name="c" title="c" id="c"></a>] <a href="http://www.unm.edu/~amri/electromechanical.pdf">P. G. deGennes, K. Okumura, M. Shahinpoor and K. J. Kim, “Mechanoelectric effects in ionic gels”, Europhys. Lett.<strong> 50</strong>(4) 513 (2000)</a>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
[d<a name="d" title="d" id="d"></a>] <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0964-1726/3/3/012">M. Shahinpoor, “Continuum eletromechanics of ionic polymeric gels as artificial muscles for robtotic applications”, Smart. Mater. Struct. <strong>3</strong>, 367 (1994)</a>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
[e<a name="e" title="e" id="e"></a>] <a href="http://jap.aip.org/japiau/v92/i5/p2899_s1">S. Nemat-Nasser, “Micromechanics of actuation of ionic polymer-metal composites”, J Appl Phys <strong>95</strong> (5): 2899 (2002)</a>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
[f] <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0964-1726/12/1/308">K. J. Kim and M. Shahinpoor, “Ionic polymer-metal composite: II Manufacturing technique”, Smart Mater. Struct. <strong>12</strong>, 65 (2003)</a>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
[g] <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0964-1726/13/6/009">M. Shahinpoor and K. J. Kim, “Ionic polymer-metal composite: III Modeling and simulations as biomemetic sensors, actuators, transducers and artificial muscles”, Smart Mater. Struct. <strong>10</strong>, 819 (2001)</a>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
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<p>
This review is completed with the help of Xiao Wang.
</p>
</div></div></div>Thu, 01 Jul 2010 21:19:42 +0000Wei Hong8493 at https://imechanica.orghttps://imechanica.org/node/8493#commentshttps://imechanica.org/crss/node/8493Error | iMechanica