iMechanica - dielectric elastomers
https://imechanica.org/taxonomy/term/7424
enStatistical mechanics of a dielectric polymer chain in the force ensemble
https://imechanica.org/node/25511
<div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/76">research</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4474">preprint</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/484">electroelasticity</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7424">dielectric elastomers</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/181">statistical mechanics</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/10950">Monte Carlo Simulation</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Dear colleagues,</p>
<p>We invite you to see the preprint of our new paper "Statistical mechanics of a dielectric polymer chain in the force ensemble" that will appear in Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. Here we investigate the electroelasticity of single polymer chains using both analytical approximations and novel MCMC techniques. Working in the fixed force ensemble facilitates the derivation of the analytical approximations, which are shown to agree well with the MCMC results. This work complements prior work on the statistical mechanics of dielectric polymers chains obtained in a different ensemble. (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2021.104658">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2021.104658</a>).</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Statistical mechanics of a dielectric polymer chain in the force ensemble</strong></p>
<p>Matthew Grasinger, Kaushik Dayal, Gal deBotton, and Prashant K. Purohit</p>
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p>
<p>Constitutive modeling of dielectric elastomers has been of long standing interest in mechanics. Over the last two decades rigorous constitutive models have been developed that couple the electrical response of these polymers with large deformations characteristic of soft solids. A drawback of these models is that unlike classic models of rubber elasticity they do not consider the coupled electromechanical response of single polymer chains which must be treated using statistical mechanics. The objective of this paper is to compute the stretch and polarization of single polymer chains subject to a fixed force and fixed electric field using statistical mechanics. We assume that the dipoles induced by the applied electric field at each link do not interact with each other and compute the partition function using standard techniques. We then calculate the stretch and polarization by taking appropriate derivatives of the partition function and obtain analytical results in various limits. We also perform Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations using the Metropolis and umbrella sampling methods, as well as develop a new sampling method which improves convergence by exploiting a symmetry inherent in dielectric polymer chains. The analytical expressions are shown to agree with the Monte Carlo results over a range of forces and electric fields. Our results complement recent work on the statistical mechanics of electro-responsive chains which obtains analytical expressions in a different ensemble.</p>
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<tr class="odd"><td><span class="file"><img class="file-icon" alt="PDF icon" title="application/pdf" src="/modules/file/icons/application-pdf.png" /> <a href="https://imechanica.org/files/Statistical%20mechanics%20of%20a%20dielectric%20polymer%20chain%20in%20the%20force%20ensemble%20-%20preprint--Grasinger%2C%20Dayal%2C%20deBotton%2C%20and%20Purohit.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=4823847">Statistical mechanics of a dielectric polymer chain in the force ensemble - preprint--Grasinger, Dayal, deBotton, and Purohit.pdf</a></span></td><td>4.6 MB</td> </tr>
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</div></div></div>Tue, 19 Oct 2021 16:32:54 +0000matthew.grasinger25511 at https://imechanica.orghttps://imechanica.org/node/25511#commentshttps://imechanica.org/crss/node/25511Nonlinear statistical mechanics drives intrinsic electrostriction and volumetric torque in polymer networks
https://imechanica.org/node/25130
<div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4474">preprint</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/608">research</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/484">electroelasticity</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7424">dielectric elastomers</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Dear colleagues,</p>
<p>We invite you to see the preprint of our new paper "Nonlinear statistical mechanics drives intrinsic electrostriction and volumetric torque in polymer networks" that will appear in Physical Review E. Here we use a nonlinear statistical mechanics approach to the electroelasticity of dielectric polymer chains and obtain a two-way coupling between chain deformation and dielectric response. This two-way coupling leads to electrically induced stresses and volumetric torques within an elastomer network which can be leveraged to develop higher efficiency soft actuators, electroactive materials, and novel electromechanical mechanisms. (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.103.042504">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.103.042504</a>).</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Nonlinear statistical mechanics drives intrinsic electrostriction and volumetric torque in polymer networks</strong></p>
<p>Matthew Grasinger, Carmel Majidi, and Kaushik Dayal</p>
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p>
<p>Statistical mechanics is an important tool for understanding polymer electroelasticity because the elasticity of polymers is primarily due to entropy. However, a common approach for the statistical mechanics of polymer chains, the Gaussian chain approximation, misses key physics. By considering the nonlinearities of the problem, we show a strong coupling between the deformation of a polymer chain and its dielectric response; that is, its net dipole. When chains with this coupling are cross-linked in an elastomer network and an electric field is applied, the field breaks the symmetry of the elastomer's elastic properties, and, combined with electrostatic torque and incompressibility, leads to intrinsic electrostriction. Conversely, deformation can break the symmetry of the dielectric response leading to volumetric torque (i.e., a couple stress or torque per unit volume) and asymmetric actuation. Both phenomena have important implications for designing high-efficiency soft actuators and soft electroactive materials; and the presence of mechanisms for volumetric torque, in particular, can be used to develop higher degree of freedom actuators and to achieve bioinspired locomotion.</p>
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<tr class="odd"><td><span class="file"><img class="file-icon" alt="PDF icon" title="application/pdf" src="/modules/file/icons/application-pdf.png" /> <a href="https://imechanica.org/files/Nonlinear%20statistical%20mechanics%20drives%20intrinsic%20electrostriction%20and%20volumetric%20torque%20in%20polymer%20networks--Grasinger%2C%20Majidi%2C%20and%20Dayal--preprint_0.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=768831">Nonlinear statistical mechanics drives intrinsic electrostriction and volumetric torque in polymer networks--Grasinger, Majidi, and Dayal--preprint.pdf</a></span></td><td>750.81 KB</td> </tr>
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</div></div></div>Mon, 26 Apr 2021 14:46:43 +0000matthew.grasinger25130 at https://imechanica.orghttps://imechanica.org/node/25130#commentshttps://imechanica.org/crss/node/25130Architected Elastomer Networks for Optimal Electromechanical Response
https://imechanica.org/node/24632
<div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/76">research</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4474">preprint</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7424">dielectric elastomers</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/484">electroelasticity</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Dear Colleagues,</p>
<p>This is the preprint of an article on the design of elastomer networks for optimal electromechanical response that will appear in JMPS. We explore how various structural properties of an elastomer network (e.g. density of cross-links, fraction of loose-end monomers, orientation density of chains, etc.) affects both its bulk elastic and dielectric properties, and its performance as an actuator. (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2020.104171">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2020.104171</a>).</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Architected Elastomer Networks for Optimal Electromechanical Response</strong></p>
<p>Matthew Grasinger, Kaushik Dayal</p>
<p>Carnegie Mellon University</p>
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p>
<p>Dielectric elastomers (DEs) that couple deformation and electrostatics have the potential for use in soft sensors and actuators with applications ranging from robotic, biomedical, energy, aerospace, and automotive technologies. However, currently available DEs are limited by weak electromechanical coupling and require large electric fields for significant actuation. In this work, a statistical mechanics-based model of DE chains is applied to elucidate the role of a polymer network architecture in the performance of the bulk material. Given a polymer network composed of chains that are cross-linked, the paper examines the role of cross-link density, orientational density of chains, and other network parameters in determining the material properties of interest including elastic modulus, electrical susceptibility, and the electromechanical coupling. From this analysis, a practical strategy is presented to increase the deformation and usable work derived from (anisotropic) dielectric elastomer actuators by as much as 75-100%.</p>
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<tr class="odd"><td><span class="file"><img class="file-icon" alt="PDF icon" title="application/pdf" src="/modules/file/icons/application-pdf.png" /> <a href="https://imechanica.org/files/Architected%20Elastomer%20Networks%20for%20Optimal%20Electromechanical%20Response%20--%20preprint_0.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=4277913">Architected Elastomer Networks for Optimal Electromechanical Response -- preprint.pdf</a></span></td><td>4.08 MB</td> </tr>
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</div></div></div>Fri, 02 Oct 2020 14:31:14 +0000matthew.grasinger24632 at https://imechanica.orghttps://imechanica.org/node/24632#commentshttps://imechanica.org/crss/node/24632Postdoc opening in 3D printing of soft biomaterials at UVA
https://imechanica.org/node/24548
<div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/73">job</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/3568">additive manufacturing</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7424">dielectric elastomers</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/439">biomaterials</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/12944">polymer synthesis</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p class="MsoNormal"><span>The Cai Soft Biomatter Laboratory (</span><a href="http://softbiomatter.org/"><span>http://softbiomatter.org/</span></a><span>) at the University of Virginia is seeking to fill a Postdoctoral Researcher position in 3D printing of soft biomaterials. The project consists of two core areas: (1) materials innovation and (2) technology development. The successful candidate will develop new soft materials as inks for 3D printing, and use customized 3D printing technologies to transform the materials to adaptive structures for photonic and biomedical applications. The project integrates polymer chemistry, polymer physics, advanced characterization (TEM, AFM, SEM), <em>in-situ</em> SAXS, microscopy, mechanics, 3D printing, and instrumentation. The candidate will have the opportunity to closely work with a group of members consisting of chemists, materials scientists, biomedical engineers, physicists, and medical doctors.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p><span>Additional Responsibilities include: managing laboratory facilities, performing measurements, updating equipment, developing procedures for operation and safety, supporting </span><span>undergraduate/graduate</span> <span>research and fielding questions regarding procedures. The successful applicant will also participate in guiding students in measurements and analysis of their data as well as helping to draft proposals, reports, and research papers. The appointment will be for one-year, renewable pending satisfactory performance and </span><span>funding.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Application procedure</span></strong><span>: Interested applicants please submit a one-page cover letter, CV, a one-page research statement, a 3-slide presentation that summarizes your previous work, and the contact information for three references.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://uva.wd1.myworkdayjobs.com/UVAJobs/job/Charlottesville-VA/Research-Associate-in-Materials-Science-and-Engineering---3D-Printing-Soft-Materials_R0016943"><span>https://uva.wd1.myworkdayjobs.com/UVAJobs/job/Charlottesville-VA/Research-Associate-in-Materials-Science-and-Engineering---3D-Printing-Soft-Materials_R0016943</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span> </span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Application deadline:</span></strong><span> Review of applications will begin immediately and the position will remain open until filled. The University will perform background checks on all new hires prior to employment.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>This is a one-year appointment; however, the appointment may be renewed for an additional one year, contingent upon satisfactory performance.</span></p>
<p><span>For questions regarding this position, please contact Prof. Liheng Cai at liheng.cai[at]virginia.edu.</span></p>
</div></div></div>Thu, 27 Aug 2020 21:18:41 +0000liheng.cai24548 at https://imechanica.orghttps://imechanica.org/node/24548#commentshttps://imechanica.org/crss/node/24548On the origins of the electro-mechanical response of dielectric elastomers
https://imechanica.org/node/21676
<div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/76">research</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/11816">EAPs</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7424">dielectric elastomers</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/2866">multi-scale analysis</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Recent theoretical works have shown that the electro-mechanical performance of dielectric elastomers can be enhanced through micro-structural design.</p>
<p>The three attached papers introduce a rigorous entropy-based multi-scale analysis of the coupled response in DEs, starting from the discrete dipolar monomer level through the polymer chain and up to the macroscopic level. The analysis reveals the dependence of key quantities on the DE performance. Specifically, it is demonstrated that the number and the type of dipolar monomers composing the chain and the chain density govern the overall response.</p>
<p>It is also shown that if an applied electric field is not aligned with a principal stretch direction, the stress tensor that develops is not symmetric and the polarization is not aligned with the electric field.</p>
<p>The proposed model is found to be in excellent quantitative agreement with several experimental findings.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022509617306634">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022509617306634</a></p>
<p><a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.208303">https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.208303</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022509615303525">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022509615303525</a></p>
</div></div></div>Tue, 10 Oct 2017 01:09:44 +0000noyco21676 at https://imechanica.orghttps://imechanica.org/node/21676#commentshttps://imechanica.org/crss/node/21676Soft mobile robots driven by foldable dielectric elastomer actuators
https://imechanica.org/node/20327
<div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/76">research</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7424">dielectric elastomers</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/9075">soft robotics</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p class="MsoNormal"><span>A cantilever beam with elastic hinge pulled </span><span>antagonistically</span><span> by two dielectric elastomer (DE) membranes in </span><span>tension</span><span> forms a foldable actuator if one DE membrane is subject to a voltage and releases part of tension. Simply placing parallel rigid bars on the prestressed DE membranes results in enhanced </span><span>actuators</span><span> working in pure shear state. We report design, analysis, fabrication and experiment of soft mobile robots that are moved by such foldable DE actuators. We describe systematic measurement of the foldable </span><span>actuators</span><span>, and perform theoretical analysis of such actuators based on minimization of total energy, and good agreement is achieved between model prediction and measurement. We develop two versions of prototypes of soft mobile robots driven either by two sets of DE membranes or one DE membrane and elastic springs. We demonstrate locomotion of these soft mobile robots and highlight several key design parameters that influence </span><span>locomotion of the robots</span><span>. A 45 gram soft robot driven by a cyclic triangle voltage with amplitude 7.4 kV demonstrates maximal stroke 160 mm or maximal rolling velocity 42 mm/s. The underlying mechanics and physics of foldable DE actuators can be leveraged to develop other soft machines for various applications. </span></p>
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<tr class="odd"><td><span class="file"><img class="file-icon" alt="PDF icon" title="application/pdf" src="/modules/file/icons/application-pdf.png" /> <a href="https://imechanica.org/files/2016_JAP.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=2322307">2016_JAP.pdf</a></span></td><td>2.21 MB</td> </tr>
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</div></div></div>Tue, 20 Sep 2016 04:44:44 +0000Jinxiong Zhou20327 at https://imechanica.orghttps://imechanica.org/node/20327#commentshttps://imechanica.org/crss/node/20327Highly Stretchable and Transparent Ionogels as Nonvolatile Conductors for Dielectric Elastomer Transducers
https://imechanica.org/node/16530
<div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/76">research</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7424">dielectric elastomers</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/9758">stretchable conductors</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/9759">transparent transducers</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/9760">ionic liquids</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/9761">ionogels</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>
<a name="OLE_LINK135" title="OLE_LINK135" id="OLE_LINK135"></a><span>Large deformation of soft materials is harnessed to provide functions in the nascent field of soft machines. We describe a new class of systems enabled by highly stretchable, transparent, stable ionogels. We synthesize an ionogel by polymerizing acrylic acid in ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([C2mim][EtSO4]). The ionogel exhibits desired attributes of adequate conductivity (0.22 S/m), low elastic modulus (~3 kPa), large rupturing stretch (~4.6), and negligible hysteresis and degradation after cyclic stretches of large amplitude. Using the ionogel and a dielectric elastomer, we fabricate electromechanical transducers that achieve a voltage-induced areal strain of 140%. The ionogel is somewhat hygroscopic, but the transducers remain stable after a million cycles of excitation in a dry oven and in air. The transparency of the ionogels enable the transducers with conductors placed in the path of light, and the nonvolatility of the ionogels enable the transduce</span><span>r</span><span>s to be used in open air.</span>
</p>
<p>
<span>Baohong Chen, Jing Jing Lu, Can Hui Yang, Jian Hai Yang, Jinxiong Zhou, Yong Mei Chen, Zhigang Suo. </span><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/4envqxe7gyw2bn6/321.pdf" target="_blank">Highly stretchable and transparent ionogels as nonvolatile conductors for dielectric elastomer transducers</a><span>. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2014). DOI: 10.1021/am501130t</span>
</p>
</div></div></div>Fri, 02 May 2014 04:09:03 +0000Baohong Chen16530 at https://imechanica.orghttps://imechanica.org/node/16530#commentshttps://imechanica.org/crss/node/16530Multiscale instabilities in soft heterogeneous dielectric elastomers
https://imechanica.org/node/15838
<div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/76">research</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5990">instabilities</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7424">dielectric elastomers</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p align="justify">
by S. Rudykh, K. Bhattacharya and G. deBotton, Proc. R. Soc. A 470: 20130618.<br />
The development of instabilities in soft heterogeneous dielectric elastomers is investigated. Motivated by experiments and possible applications, we use in our analysis the physically relevant referential electric field instead of electric displacement. In terms of this variable, a closed form solution is derived for the class of layered neo-Hookean dielectrics. A criterion for the onset of electromechanical multiscale instabilities for the layered composites with anisotropic phases is formulated. A general condition for the onset of the macroscopic instability in soft multiphase dielectrics is introduced. In the example of the layered dielectrics, the essential influence of the microstructure on the onset of instabilities is revealed. We found that:<br />
(i) macroscopic instabilities dominate at moderate volume fractions of the stiffer phase,<br />
(ii) interface instabilities appear at small volume fractions of the stiffer phase and<br />
(iii) instabilities of a finite scale, comparable to the microstructure size, occur at large<br />
volume fractions of the stiffer phase.<br />
The latest new type of instabilities does not appear in the purely mechanical case and dominates in the region of large volume fractions of the stiff phase.
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</div></div></div>Wed, 25 Dec 2013 20:27:23 +0000Stephan Rudykh15838 at https://imechanica.orghttps://imechanica.org/node/15838#commentshttps://imechanica.org/crss/node/15838Error | iMechanica