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Mesh construction is a key consideration in the course of building a finite element model. The quality of the analysis results depends on the quality of the mesh; arriving at an acceptable solution requires judicious meshing choices. Specifically, the analyst must consider the type of ele-ments and the density of the mesh, which is often varied throughout the model, with more refinement in critical re-gions. These considerations need to be balanced against the desire to minimize analysis cost in terms of preproc-essing effort, analysis run time, and computer resources.

In earth penetration events the projectile generally strikes the target at an oblique angle. As a result, the projectile is subjected to a multi-axial force and acceleration history through impact. The effectiveness of an earth penetration system is enhanced by the ability to withstand severe

The Dynamic Design Analysis Method (DDAM) is a U.S. Navy methodology for qualifying shipboard equipment and supporting structures for survival of shock loading due to

underwater explosions (UNDEX). The DDAM is a regimented collection of procedures that utilize estimates of the peak linear dynamic response of ship equipment and structures

Accurate numerical modeling of the shock response of marine structures is of considerable importance in their design since the cost associated with physical testing is often prohibitive. Along with the shock response calibra-tion, designers often have to grapple with opposing fac-tors while trying to optimize performance during operating conditions. Abaqus allows for the analysis of both the structural integrity and acoustic radiation in such cases.

Residual stresses may be introduced into plastic parts produced by the injection molding process. As a result, the part may warp or experience a reduction in strength. The design of an injection molded product can be improved if the effect of residual stresses on the final shape and performance of the product are predicted accurately. Abaqus and Moldflow can be used for this purpose. The residual stresses generated by the solidifi-cation of the plastic material are computed by Moldflow and transferred to Abaqus using the Abaqus Interface for Moldflow.

A key factor in the design of bottles and packaging con-tainers is performance during conveying. The ability of a bottle to remain standing while traveling through a con-veying plant for production, cleaning, filling, packaging, etc. allows that plant to be automated. If bottles fall or jam during conveying then human intervention is required to correct the situation. Finite element analysis can be used to verify new bottle designs and ensure that changes to current designs will not cause a reduction in conveying performance.

Hot rolling is a basic metal forming technique that is used to transform preformed shapes into final products or forms that are suitable for further processing. The process typically involves passing heated stock pieces through multiple sets of forming rolls until the desired cross-sectional shape is achieved. The important aspects of this manufacturing operation are the elongation and spread of the material during the rolling process.

Composite structures often have a higher capacity for ab-sorbing energy than their metal counterparts. The crush-ing behavior of composite materials is complex, and the inclusion of composite components in vehicles for crash protection can necessitate expensive experimental test-ing. The ability to computationally simulate the crushing response of composite structures can significantly shorten the product development cycle and reduce cost in the aerospace, automotive, and railway industries.

The uniform pressure method (UPM) approach to simulat-ing airbag deployment has been widely used in the auto-mobile safety industry. The defining assumption of UPM, specifically that pressure in the airbag is spatially uniform during inflation, makes the approach most applicable for „in-position‟ (IP) analyses with fully inflated airbags. In contrast, an analysis may be characterized as „out-of-position‟ (OoP) if the occupant interacts with the airbag before it is fully deployed.