Engineering Happiness

dear imechanica friends

   the Grand challenges  for Engineering make clear that we should work for the good of our Society.  So, how much of technology really makes are happier?

    It would seem that the Science of Happiness is exploding in Economics, but is not much covered in Engineering.  How much of Technology really makes us happy?  If you read Happiness Engineering, cars make us happy if there are NOT too many of them.   Computers make us happy if they don't take us 22 hours a day, and so on.   So everything that makes our life more "natural" and "ecological" and increases our time the family is happiness, everything that stresses our life even more, is unhappy.

   Should we suggest a new area of Engineering,..... Happiness Engineering, or perhaps better, Engineering Happiness?  See also the nice powerpoint presentation attached to this message by Prof. Andrew Oswald from Warwick.

Regards, Mike

The science of happiness

By Mike Rudin



Series producer, The Happiness Formula

Find out how happy you are

A new six-part BBC series, starting this week, looks
at the newest research from around the world to find out what could it
be that makes us happy.

We all want to be happy but the problem has always been that you can't measure happiness.

Happiness has always been seen as too vague a concept,
as Lord Layard, Professor of Economics at the LSE and author of
"Happiness - lessons from a new science" points out.

"There is a problem with the word happiness.

"When you use the word happy, it often has the sort of context of balloons floating up into the sky or something frivolous."

Now scientists say they can actually measure happiness.

Neuroscientists are measuring pleasure. They suggest that happiness is more than a vague concept or mood; it is real.

Measuring happiness

Social scientists measure happiness simply by asking people how happy they are.

It is argued that what a person says about their own
happiness tends to tally with what friends or even strangers might say
about them if asked the same question.

Most people say they are fairly happy.

PDAs can be used to measure happiness levels during the day

The leading American psychologist Professor Ed Diener
from the University of Illinois, told The Happiness Formula that the
science of happiness is based on one straightforward idea:

"It may sound silly but we ask people 'How happy are you 1-7, 1-10?

"And the interesting thing is that produces real answers
that are valid, they're not perfect but they're valid and they predict
all sorts of real things in their lives."

One type of measurement even tries to record people's levels of happiness throughout the day wherever they are.

Ecological momentary assessment uses hand held computers.

The person being quizzed is bleeped and then taken through a questionnaire.

"The measures are not perfect yet I think they are in many ways as good as the measures economists use," said Professor Diener.

It is a remarkable claim. Simply by asking people, we
have a measure of happiness that is as good as the economists' measure
of poverty or growth.

And if true, governments could be judged by how happy they make us.

An adviser to the Prime Minister, David Halpern, told us
that within the next 10 years the government would be measured against
how happy it made everybody.

Power of happiness

Happiness seems to have almost magical properties.

We have not got proof, but the science suggests it leads to long life, health, resilience and good performance.

Standard of living has increased dramatically and happiness has increased not at all

Professor Daniel Kahneman, University of Princeton

Scientists work by comparing people's reported happiness
and a host of other factors such as age, sex, marital status, religion,
health, income, unemployment and so on.

In survey after survey involving huge groups of people,
significant correlations between happiness and some other factors are
repeated.

At the moment scientists cannot prove causation, whether
for example people are healthy because they are happy, or whether
people are happy because they are healthy.

However, psychologists have been able to identify some very strong links.

According to Professor Diener the evidence suggests that happy people live longer than depressed people.

"In one study, the difference was nine years between the happiest group and the unhappiest group, so that's a huge effect.

"Cigarette smoking can knock a few years off your life, three years, if you really smoke a lot, six years.

"So nine years for happiness is a huge effect."

Richer but no happier

Happiness researchers have been monitoring people's life satisfaction for decades.

Happy people have close friends

Yet despite all the massive increase in our wealth in the last 50 years our levels of happiness have not increased.

"Standard of living has increased dramatically and
happiness has increased not at all, and in some cases has diminished
slightly," said Professor Daniel Kahneman of the University of
Princeton.

"There is a lot of evidence that being richer... isn't making us happier"

The research suggests that richer countries do tend to
be happier than poor ones, but once you have a home, food and clothes,
then extra money does not seem to make people much happier.

It seems that that level is after average incomes in a country top about £10,000 a year.

Scientists think they know the reason why we do not feel happier despite all the extra money and material things we can buy.

First, it is thought we adapt to pleasure. We go for
things which give us short bursts of pleasure whether it is a chocolate
bar or buying a new car.

But it quickly wears off.

You can't take a grouch and make him giggle all the time

Professor Martin Seligman, University of Pennsylvania

Second, its thought that we tend to see our life as judged against other people.

We compare our lot against others. Richer people do get
happier when they compare themselves against poorer people, but poorer
people are less happy if they compare up.

The good news is that we can choose how much and who we
compare ourselves with and about what, and researchers suggest we adapt
less quickly to more meaningful things such as friendship and life
goals.

What makes us happy?

According to psychologist Professor Ed Diener there is no one key to happiness but a set of ingredients that are vital.

For added happiness, look for meaning in your life

First, family and friends are crucial - the wider and deeper the relationships with those around you the better.

It is even suggested that friendship can ward off germs.
Our brains control many of the mechanisms in our bodies which are
responsible for disease.

Just as stress can trigger ill health, it is thought that friendship and happiness can have a protective effect.

According to happiness research, friendship has a much
bigger effect on average on happiness than a typical person's income
itself.

One economist, Professor Oswald at Warwick University,
has a formula to work out how much extra cash we would need to make up
for not having friends.

The answer is £50,000.

Marriage also seems to be very important. According to
research the effect of marriage adds an average seven years to the life
of a man and something like four for a woman.

The second vital ingredient is having meaning in life, a
belief in something bigger than yourself - from religion, spirituality
or a philosophy of life.

The third element is having goals embedded in your long term values that you're working for, but also that you find enjoyable.

Psychologists argue that we need to find fulfilment
through having goals that are interesting to work on and which use our
strengths and abilities.

Unhappiness

However, there are also many things we experience in life that can produce lasting unhappiness.

Professor Ed Diener identifies two key events which can have lasting effects.

After the loss of a spouse it can take several years to regain the previous level of well-being.

The loss of a job can affect a person for years even they are back to work.

So if you are born grumpy are you always going to be grumpy?

The question of whether we can actually use our
knowledge of what makes us happy to lift our levels of happiness
permanently is hotly debated by psychologists.

According to the positive psychologist Professor Martin
Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania it is possible to lift our
biological set range of happiness, at least to some extent if we work
at it.

"The best you can do with positive emotion is you can get people to live at the top of their set range.

"So I think you've got about 10 to 15% leverage but you can't take a grouch and make him giggle all the time."

The first episode of The Happiness Formula was shown on BBC Two at 1900 BST on Wednesday.