Bending and wrinkling as competing relaxation pathways for strained free-hanging films

A thin film subject to compressive strain can either bend (for large strain gradient) or wrinkle (for small strain gradient). The bending is traditionally used in thermostats (bimetal stripes), but couple of years ago, it was extended to the nanoscale thin films which can bend and roll-up to tubes with defined number of rotations. The wrinkles are also rather common in macro- and microscale thin films.
Here, we developed an equilibrium phase diagram for the shape of
compressively strained free-hanging films by total strain energy
minimization.

For small strain gradients Δε, the film wrinkles, while for sufficiently large Δε, a phase transition from wrinkling to bending occurs. We also consider competing relaxation mechanisms for free-hanging films, which have rolled up into tube structures, and we provide an upper limit for the maximum achievable number of tube rotations.

The published paper is found at  http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PRB...