tube

Dear friends: I am a PhD candidate studying fracture problems in tubes. I am doing J integral calculations in Abaqus, for tubes with through-wall circumferential cracks subjected to tensile and bending loads. I am using quadratic 20 nodes isoparametric elements with reduced integration (C3D20R), ranging from two to five elements through the wall thickness mesh.

A thin film subject to compressive strain can either bend (for large strain gradient) or wrinkle (for small strain gradient). The bending is traditionally used in thermostats (bimetal stripes), but couple of years ago, it was extended to the nanoscale thin films which can bend and roll-up to tubes with defined number of rotations. The wrinkles are also rather common in macro- and microscale thin films.
Here, we developed an equilibrium phase diagram for the shape of
compressively strained free-hanging films by total strain energy
minimization.