Introduction: Gynecology is a field of study that deals with the Women’s Health, Female Reproductive System (Vagina, Uterus, Ovaries). Whereas Obstetrics mostly deals with Childbirth, Pregnancy and Postpartum Period. Generally, in medical specialty Gynecology and Obstetrics are combined.
Competition between Mullins and curvature effects in the wrinkling of stretched soft shells
A highly stretched hyperelastic shell exhibits a coupling behavior of local wrinkling and global bending within the stability boundary, and curvature resists and can even suppress surface wrinkles beyond a critical threshold. Here, we report a novel phenomenon that smooth surface maintains upon stretching a soft shell, while wrinkles emerge upon unloading, which implies a nonlinear interplay between curvature and Mullins (stress softening and residual strain) effects in the entire loading-unloading cycle.